( 1 ) About 176598 acres in Kayin State were distributed among 37151 holdings,
of which 37133 were household-based and 18 were special holdings. 97.51% of
total holding area belong to household-based land holdings.The majority of all
land holdings ( 85.19 % ) were small farms ( under 10 acres in size ) and nearly
60% of all land holdings were under 5 acres in size. Only 0.04% of land holdings
were large farms extending over 50 acres and only 2.82% were 20 acres and above
in size. Similar distribution was observed for household-based land holdings
except that there was only one household-based land holings with size 50 acres and
above. As for special land holding, 61.11% were 50 acres and above in size,
88.89% were 20 acres and above in size and only 5.55% were 5 and under 10 acres
in size. There was no special holding with size under 5 acres.
( 2 ) 25.99% of holders were in the age group 35-44 years and the highest
number of holders were in the age group 35-44 years. The majority ( 86.81% )
were male and only 13.19% were females. The highest number of male holders
were in the age group 35-44 years whereas the highest number of female holders
were in the age group 55-64 years. 73.92% of all holders had formal schooling
indicating that majority of holders can adopt improved techiques of production
and to be reponsive to effective extension services. 69.40% of holders worked
permanently on holdings and half of land holders had other sources of income.
( 3 )36.59% of holdings employed paid workers, 35.02% employed occasional
workers and only 10.15% employed permanent workers. It means that the majority
of holding used household workers and that a large portion of labor input was
supplied by farm families. About 65.23% of the members of households,i.e 139,861
persons were of working age ( aged 15 years and above ). 117,492 or about 84.01%
of them were economically active, 59.56% and 40.44% of these economically active
household members were permanent and occasional workers on holdings respectively.
Thus 84.01% of economically active household members from workers which supplies
most of the farm labor to the holdings and only 15.99% of them worked outside
the holding.
Although 36.57%, 35.00% and 10.13% of household based holdings
employed paid workers, occasional workers and permanent workers respectively,
77.78%, 83.33% and 55.56% of special holdings employed paid workers,
occasional workers and permanent workers respectively.
Majority of the special land holdings were large in size, and being own by
orgainzations, were in need of paid workers. They had to employ paid, permanent
and occasional workers much more than household-based land holdings,as the
latter had household members for farm labour.
( 4 ) Use of machinery and equipment by land holdings was low in Kayin State,
only 4.10% of household-based holdings and 27.78% of special holdings use water
pumps ( engine or electric ). 0.25% of household-based holdings and 11.11% of
special holding used generators/motors ( other fixed power producing equipments).
A small percentage (3.96%) of household-based land holding and no special land
holding used huller machines. Near zero percent of household-based land holdings
and 11.11% of special land holdings used power tillers. 0.16% of household-based
land holdings and no special land holding used Tractors operated cultivating
equipment.0.06% of household-based land holdings and 11.11% of special land
holdings used other farm machinery. This indicates that programs for the development
of use of machinery and equipment are needed much in Kayin State.
Majority (88.23%) of household-based land holdings still used draught animals, while
only 11.11% of special land holdings used them. Draught animal were found to be
still important in Kayin State for agricultural works of household-based land holdings.
( 5 ) Percentage of household-based land holdings using organic fertilizers was larges than
that special land holdings ( 78.31% as against 55.56% ) and percentage of special land holdings
using inorganic fetilizers was large than that of household-based land holdings(66.67% as against
38.12%). Similarly percentage of household-based land holdings using HYV seeds was larger than that
of special land holdings (40.74% as against 22.22%) and percentage of special land holding. Using
pesticides was larger than that of household-based land holdings (66.67% as against 10.06%).Use of
new technical knowhow and moderm methods of cultivation was still low in Kayin State, especially for
household-based land holdings with small farms.
( 6 ) Most of the land in Kayin State is rain-fed, as the state runs parallel to the Thanintharyi
coast. Rainfall is heavy throughout the region and only 10.47% of land holdings used irrigation.
Rivers/creeks were the only important source of irrigation, providing irrigation to 70.12% of
total irrigated area of household-based land holdings and 100.00% total irrigated area of special
land holdings. All 4 special land holdings, which used irrigation used rivers and creeks only.
Own wells provided irrigation only to 5.85% of household-based land holdings and about one fourth
of household-based land holdings had to reply on other sources for irrigation. Government and
private canals were found to provide irrigation only to 6% of household-based land holdings.
( 7 ) In Kayin State, majority of the land were paddy land with land area of about 153,987 acres
( or 87.20% ). 25.54% of land holdings were garden land with total land area of about 14,049 acres
( or 7.96% ). 9.25% of holdings were kaing land comprising 2.92% of total land area. Ya land, Dhani
land, Rubber land and Squatter land formed very small percentages of holdings and total land area.
Taungya land constituted 3.36% of land holdings, but only 0.71% of total land area.It is the same
for household-based land hlodings. But special land holdings were mostly garden land. 72.22% of
special land holdings on 74.67% of total land area were garden land. 72.22% of special land holdings
on 74.67% of total land area were garden land. Only 5.56% of special land holdings on 0.50% of total
land area were paddy land. A significant percentage (22.22%) of special land holdings on 21.17% of
total land area were rubber land.
( 8 ) 90.54% of household-based annual cropped holdings and 11.11% of special land holdings grew
cereal on 88.86% and 22.11% of total sown area respectively. For household-based land holdings,
the second important crop sown was industrial crops ( 15.27% of holdings on 6.78% of total sown
area), followed by pulses ( 7.09% of holdings on 3.88% of total sown area) and vegetables (1.72%
of holding on 0.33% of total sown area). Only very small percentages of household-based land holdings
grew tubers and roots, fodders and other crops on 0.39% and 0.03% of total sown area respectively.
Equal percentage(5.56%) of special land holdings grew pulses, industrial crops and vegetables.
However,vegetables were grown on 44.89% of total sown area, industrial crops on 18.15% and pulses on
14.85% of total sown area. Among cereals, paddy was the main crop sown. It constiuted 98.52% of
household-based land holdings on 99.79% of total sown area and 50.00% of special land holdings on
32.84% of total sown area.Although the percentage of special land holdings growing other creals
was 50.00%, the acreage constituted 67.16% of total sown area. Over half of household-based holdings
as well as special holdings grew fruits and nuts, industrial permanent crops. However, the acreage
growing them constituted 35.10% and 25.30% of total productive area for household-based holdings and
10.12% and 87.74% of total productive area for special holdings. Other permanent crops were grown by 43.85%
of household-based holdings and 15.38% of special holdings on 39.60% and 2.41% of total productive area
respectively. Rice production dominated cereal production, 99.79% of total sown area being
devoted to rice production. In rice production, area under coarse again Ngasein rice was
1.23 times that of five grain Emata.
( 9 ) 88.23% of household based land holdings and 11.11% of special land holdings used draught
animals on their holdings. 16.67% of special land holdings owned cattle and 5.56% of special
land holdings owned buffaloes but no other livestock. 69.09% of household-based land holdings
based land holdings owned cattle, only 9.06% owned buffaloes and only 0.61% owned other livestocks. Extensive use
of animal power by household-based land holdings and small used of it by special land holdings
indicates that type of crops grown determined the use of draught animals and efforts are needed
to modernize the existing mode of agricultural production used by household-based land holdings.
( 10 ) The average size of an agricultural holding was 5.64 acres. The average household size of agricultural holdings was 6.0. Half of the household-based land holdings had other sources of income. The average number of parcels per household-based land holdings was 1.7 and the average size of a parcel was 3.39 acres. The average cultivation intensity was 0.89. The proportion of land fallow was 13.59% of all land and 14.49% of arable land.
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